Inkstone enthusiasts carve out place in history
"I just want to be buried with my inkstones after I pass away," Cheng Lijun says, sitting in her tiny inkstone shop in southeast Beijing.
The 49-year-old native of Shexian County in East China's Anhui Province has devoted much of her life to carving, collecting and selling "Sheyan" or "She inkstones" -- small stone mortars for the grinding and containment of ink.
Celebrated as one of the "four famous inkstones" -- Duan, Taohe and Chengni are the others -- the She inkstone variety that's mostly produced in Shexian county is categorized by the various mines from which the stone was obtained historically. It has a black color with fine gold-like markings. She inkstones were first used during the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907).
Cheng learned to carve inkstones in 1985 in order to make a living. Many others in her hometown also depend on inkstones to put food on the table and sell the raw stones needed to create inkstones.
For serious calligraphers and painters, the quality of the inkstone is just as important as the quality of the ink that is ground inside of it, as the inkstone can affect the ink's texture. Paper, ink, brushes and inkstones -- otherwise known as the "four treasures of study" -- are the primary tools used in Chinese calligraphy and painting.
Although their practical functions have diminished amid technological development, their artistic and cultural value has continued to attract artists and collectors, Cheng says.
"I'm not in the mood to eat or sleep when I get a new piece of perfectly raw stone. The only thing on my mind is how to carve it to show its beauty," Cheng says, gently touching an inkstone engraved with a delicate, twisting dragon.
However, Cheng had to give up carving in 2004 because of her increasingly severe cough. But she was determined to continue working with the stones and moved to Beijing to open a booth at the Panjiayuan antiques market, where she sells stones made in her hometown.
The price of the raw stone used to make She inkstones has increased significantly over the years due to shrinking stone reserves. Higher prices have stimulated mine exploration, which has led to even greater consumption, Cheng says.
Cheng gave up her plan to buy an apartment in Beijing three years ago and poured all of her money into purchasing high-end raw stone.
"The business was initially a way of feeding the family, but now it is more like a form of spiritual support for me," Cheng says.
She lives with her husband and 12-year-old son in a two-bedroom apartment near Panjiayuan. Her housing costs of 2,600 yuan (408 U.S. dollars) a month is her largest expense. Cheng has adopted an austere lifestyle -- no cosmetics, no fancy meals and no new dresses.
"I care about and own nothing but (She) inkstones," she says.
"I have no desire for luxuries at all, but I feel calm and safe while gazing at or touching the stones."
Cheng once turned down a young buyer to sell an expensive She inkstone to an old professor who paid less. She also persuaded a customer to give up one of three high-end inkstones so that others could have a chance to buy it.
"Every inkstone is a masterpiece of nature and craftsmanship, so I'm always looking forward to buyers who really understand and cherish the stones," she says.
"I just hope to match as many inkstones with sincere collectors as possible."
Veteran collector Chen Guoyuan points out the "four treasures of study" have recorded and carried forward Chinese civilization, promoted Chinese art to the world and brought fame to numerous artists and their valuable masterpieces.
Moreover, the 72-year-old says the four "treasures" have served the political, economic and cultural fields that have contributed to China's social evolution.
"No artwork can match their significant role," says Chen, who has collected more than 400 kinds of inkstones over the past 26 years. Inkstones were popular among ancient China's royal families.
The State leaders of modern China are fond of inkstones, too.
In 1978, Deng Xiaoping gave then Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda a Duan inkstone. And 30 years later, President Hu Jintao presented a Duan inkstone as a gift to Takeo Fukuda's son Yasuo Fukuda, during his visit to Japan.
Chen, a former Chinese Air Force officer, named his own home after a particular Duan inkstone produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province. He said he first saw the stone in 1990 while attending an exhibition and hunted for it for years afterward.
Tortured by not owning the inkstone, Chen finally bought it in 1994 for 50,000 yuan, which put him 20,000 yuan in debt. His monthly salary was then 500 yuan.
People thought he was crazy, but time has proven the stone's value. An auctioneer told Chen in 2009 that the value of the inkstone could hit 3 million yuan because of its rare composition and top-quality carving.
Many stones have indeed fetched high auction house prices. The 2009 Xiling Autumn Auction in the city of Zhejiang Province's capital Hangzhou saw 95 inkstones auctioned at more than 14 million yuan in total.
Collecting is a potential investment method that can bring small or huge fortunes to investors who understand the market, China Association of Collectors chairman Luo Bojian says.
In ancient times, collecting antiques or artworks was a pastime of the elite. It wasn't until 1978, when China launched the reform and opening-up policy, that a massive collection market involving participants of all walks of life began to take shape, Luo says.
Stamps, seals, currencies, playing walnuts, rare wood furniture, old photos and CDs are increasingly popular among Chinese.
Auction companies, antique bazaars, art stores and individual trading are offering abundant opportunities to collectors. For the same reason, it's hard to assess the market's scale and trade volume, he says.
China's economic power has been growing rapidly over the past three decades, with Chinese people spending more than ever. Favorable economic and social environments have elevated collecting and auctions, Luo explains.
Prices have also been pushed up by international and domestic buyers, as Chinese antiques and artwork have become more popular around the world, Poly International Auction Co, Ltd. executive director Zhao Xu says.
"Chinese antiques and art had been underestimated at auctions for quite a long time," Luo says.
"Skyrocketing prices in recent years indicate the world market is reappraising their values."
But fake products have flooded the market, leaving numerous amateur collectors to suffer economic losses.
There are people who worry about investment risks and bubbles in the business.
"Buyers should pay more attention to acquiring knowledge and skills, and never assume that you actually are that lucky person who has found high-value antiques at exceptional low prices," Luo says.
Amateurs should trade in accordance with their financial situations. Modern artworks, coins and stamps are often good choices for laypeople, he says.
Made In China
Made in China deals with the issue of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) that is being implemented all over the country. The movie is set in a small village of Pimpalgaon where Appasaheb Jagdale (Sharad Bhutadiya) is determined to establish a special economic zone. His political rival Kailas Shinde (Upendra Limaye) and nephew Mohit (Sandeep Kulkarni) do not agree with his decision. Mohit believes that modern agricultural techniques will save the village. It is hard for him to destroy his land for the sake of SEZ. Appasaheb uses his political contacts and powers to break the movement of Mohit and Kailas. During this process Appasaheb is murdered, leaving the village in a malicious mess.
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